Five miscellaneous piano questions

[allchopin]

These are just some questions that I wrote down and have been wanting to ask, some pretty esoteric and some not.  

1) I once found the text '8va bassa' next to the lower staff in music - does this mean to lower the left hand an octave or raise it an octave?

2) What are the specifics on turns?  Is it as simple as take the original note, play one higher in the scale, back to the orig., then one lower, then back to the orig.?

3) Have a look at this measure from Liszt's transcription of Schubert's Ave Maria.  I have added up the 64th notes several times, and it isn't mathematically correct.  What's going on here?


4)  I have a recording of this Chopin Mazurka Op. 68 #3 in F where the performer naturalizes the B in the right hand, which largely changes the idea of the Mazurka.  I'm curious if the performer flubbed or if it is possible that the edition he/she has actually has different markings.


5) What language is dur/moll?  Is this German, Latin, Italian...?  

-Thx-  Hope someone can get around to answering some of these questions.

[xvimbi]

1. lower
2. depends on the composer/period/editor/historian. must name context to answer question
3. one possible explanation: lets say the piece is in 2/2, it would mean that each cluster is supposed to be played in one beat, like a triplet is supposed to be played in one beat. But often, composers don't write down the number for the *-plet. So, those might be 19plets (I don't have the score to be more exact)
4.MHO: mistake
5.German: dur from Latin durus = hard; moll from Latin mollis = soft

[allchopin]

Hmm, so a turn can be different from Beethoven to Chopin (actually I don't think he ever used any..)?  I would probably use Beethoven as the default - he lies somewhat in the middle of the musical timeline.

The Liszt piece is in 4/4.  But what got me is that he used 64ths rather than grace notes (like he usually does), implying a strict division of time.  So I guess it means play the measure as fast as possible.  

The interesting thing about the mazurka performance is that he/she played this Bb wrong in every instance of the measure, which happens to be part of the theme.  Oh well.

Thanks for the help vimb!