Do you have any suggestions on how I can go about identifying where I'm using co-contraction the most? And on how to develop more efficient movement patterns? (I'm practicing without a teacher)
Piano-playing should not be a finger-intensive activity. Efficient technique require interconnected movements of the entire playing apparatus. I wish this were easier to describe but it isn't. It's probably the biggest source of misunderstanding and confusion when we start talking about it.
The co-contraction you're experiencing probably doesn't feel like it's causing tension, but it is.

Relax the hand. Form your hand into the letter "A". There is co-contraction of the fingers, preventing them from curling into the palm. Does it feel tense? No, it doesn't. But if you played the piano with this co-contraction, you'll inevitably tense up.
Now try the letter "C". Still relaxed. There is co-contraction of the fingers and thumb to hold that position. Does it feel tense? No, it doesn't, but that co-contraction will eventually lead to fatigue. If you pay very close attention to the muscular activity, and can identify it, then this sensation of co-contraction is wrong when playing the piano.
Try "E" as relaxed as possible. There should be noticeable co-contraction of the fingers and thumb. That sensation should be registered in your mind as 'wrong'. If you ever feel this sensation when you're playing the piano, you're doing it wrong.
Try "Y". Feel the co-contraction of the 5 finger as it is held straight out. This sensation is necessary when opening the hand to play large intervals (e.g. octaves). However, that tension must release as soon as possible; it should never be held. Otherwise, register that sensation as 'wrong'.
Try "P". The 2 finger is co-contracted, as are the other fingers. I'm using this letter to highlight a movement that is not often used by most pianists, the angle and movement of the wrist. Pay attention to what your wrist is doing, or not doing, as you play. If the wrist is stiff, co-contraction is occurring. Register this sensation as 'wrong'. In order to interconnect the fingers as it depresses the keys, the wrist is always in fluid motion.
The main point of this exercise is 1) to become acutely aware of when co-contraction is occurring, and 2) realize that co-contraction doesn't feel wrong, but natural in day to day activities, except when playing the piano.
Try it out, then play the piano with careful attention to the tension in your playing apparatus. When you identify them, change your movements until you find the one(s) that are easiest on your body. It's 'wrong' if you feel it, right when you don't.