Because the thumb opposes the other fingers, the easy movement actually moves the thumb sideways (under and out of the hand), while the sideways movement is the one that is required to actually press the keys. So ideally, one should press the keys by rotating the forearm, that is, the thumb is brought up and down the keys not by use of thumb muscles (which incidentally are not located in the thumb – there are no muscles in the fingers), but by rotating the forearm and bringing the whole of the hand up and down.This is the main reason why thumb under for fast scales is a definite no-no: not only you must use the bad movement (sideways), as you must use this movement while the thumb is under the hand, which means that you have two sets of muscles fighting each other: the ones that bring the thumb under and the one that press the thumb on the key. There is no way you make this movement fast enough or smoothly enough, no matter how hard or how much you practise.
Look up "PianoOlogist" on the subject.
personally i would say methods are situational and not that they don't matter at all or one method is the one true method over all. as for fingers i just do whatever feels comfortable. i usually end up doing the suggested fingering when i'm on the fence about it but if it really feels uncomfortable then i will switch it for sure as long as it makes sense.
If you were to play a slow scale without the sustain and it all requires legato, I doubt many people would choose a "thumb over" type movement. At very rapid speeds and/or with the pedal, the option to use it however becomes completely viable.The thumb is the most complex finger to master as it plays many roles. With a thumb under movement it can feel as a spring shooting the other fingers up as it strikes from a crossed under position, this is a desirable feeling, how the thumb can reposition the entire hand. Other times the thumb doesn't want to alter the shape of the hand and it is more desirable to maintain the same hand form as much as possible without any sense of contraction/expansion. This naturally makes it challenging to know exactly what you should use, musical context applied however often makes the situation clearer. Just focusing on a scale as a technical pattern requires you then to judge what different ways that scale could actually be played, what tempo, volumes, articulation or pedal usage may be applied. A confusion with focusing technique without musical context is that you may think one solution fits all where obviously the options change depending on the musical context.
Thank you! Would you, then, at least in general, advocate against practicing technical exercises completely divorced from a certain repertoire piece, or would you say there is still value in rote scale practice?
For instance, I'm about to start Mozart k. 545, and the scales in the first movement do not seem to be able to be efficiently played if you use the 'standard textbook fingering', so if the actual pieces often cannot use the 'standard', then is it a better option to ditch the technical pattern-exercises, and to find repertoire which will ultimately yield the same benefits as those exercises, in addition to being full performance pieces? (I hope all that makes sense)