what does sf mean and giocoso and lunga and some other things

[littletune]

I would really like to play some pieces other than just the ones my piano teacher gives me for pracitce and theres never enough time on my piano lessons to ask her about everything I want to know (and now im not going to have piano lessons for more than a week!  ) so i thought i would ask here even though they're just stupid questions i guess.
1. What does sf mean? i know mf  f  ff  but i've never seen sf, whats that something like super forte?
2. What does Giocoso mean ?(it's written in the begining of the piece like where it usualy says allegro or moderato or something).
3. What does lunga mean? Does that mean something like that half circle with a dot in it that means half longer note or something like that?
4. What does this mean? I have NO idea how to play that and what im supposed to do  :



5. I'm really confused about this too:



I know that dot means staccato and i've asked my teacher what that line under the note meant (in some other piece) and she said it meant that theres no longer staccato but its a long note, and then i found this!!!  It's both things together!!!!!! and im really confused!! what's that supposed to mean then? 
(and that thing over the last notes means something like accent or whats it called in English right  ?)
well if someone has time to answer my stupid questions it would be really great

[lostinidlewonder]

1. What does sf mean? i know mf  f  ff  but i've never seen sf, whats that something like super forte?

sf is called Sforzando - Forcingly, sudden emphasis or accent. It should surprise the listener and stand out compared to what you played before or after.

2. What does Giocoso mean ?(it's written in the begining of the piece like where it usualy says allegro or moderato or something).

Giocoso means gay, merry, playful etc.

3. What does lunga mean? Does that mean something like that half circle with a dot in it that means half longer note or something like that?

Lunga means long.

4. What does this mean? I have NO idea how to play that and what im supposed to do   :

This is a grace note, it is played very lightly and fast and generally a microscopic second before the start of the bar it is written in. It should sound connected (almost together and in fact you could practice it together as a chord with the other note and then separate them very slightly).

5. I'm really confused about this too:

You must do both at the same time. This means press into the note with the tenuto _ and then release it with the staccato touch. What this wants you to do is play 2 of the chord with length, press into them but put a very slight rest at the end of each one (this is achieved by sharply releasing the chord to pay respect to the staccato)  then contrast this with the long > accent at the end. Combining staccato and tenuto can be known as portato (on-legato, but not as detached as staccato) or mezzo staccato as well.

Use Google to search for musical terms it really is your friend these days

[pianowolfi]

And the half circle with a dot in it means "big brother is watching you" 

No just kidding. It's a fermata and tells you to hold this note (or rest) longer than it's written. Yes, about the half of it's duration but that's only a general rule. If it says lunga it can be much longer. I have heard that it symbolizes "Look at the conductor" that's why it looks like an eye. But perhaps I am misguided in this.

[furtwaengler]

And the half circle with a dot in it means "big brother is watching you"  

I had a preacher friend refer to it in public, mistakenly, as "an onomatopoeia." I had to take him aside and explain the little difference. True story.

[littletune]

  
Thank you thank you thank you very very much!!!
I found some things on the internet but not everything and some things i did find but still didn't understand completely... so thank you VERY much for explaining everything!     
And that thing with the eye is funny