- Joseph Straus. Elements of Music, 3rd Ed. (Pearson, 2012) is organized very nicely, covers everything up to progressions, separates theory sections, in-class activities, and exercises. Might be what you are looking for. The 4th edition (Oxford, 2021) is a little bit expensive IMO, but the 3rd ed. can be probably found for less. Be careful if buying a used copy - it may have exercises filled by a student.
Other options if you are not willing to pay that much, but not as good as above IMHO for thorough work with a teacher:
- Sandy Feldstein. Practical Theory Complete - a classical combo textbook and workbook, spiralbound is the best inexpensive edition IMO.
- Berkeley Music Theory (2 volumes) by Paul Schmeling is also classics IMO with a lot of exercises.
- Basic Music Theory, 4th ed.: How to Read, Write, and Understand Written Music, by Jonathan Harnum.
Older 1st and 2nd editions were available as free pdf on his web site in the past, not sure this is still an option.
It covers elementary theory up to scales and chord progressions, and some odd meters (but not much here), and has exercises at the end of each chapter.
- Another nice option that also covers a little bit of Harmony:
Carter, Nicolas. Music Theory From Absolute Beginner to Expert - The Ultimate Step-By-Step Guide to Understanding and Learning Music Theory Effortlessly, 3rd Ed. (2018)
- William Duckworth. A Creative Approach to Music Fundamentals. 9th Ed. (Thomson Schirmer, 2007) would be nice to work with teacher, but concentrates on scales and chords more, i.e. its target audience is probably more blues/jazz/rock than classical.
- Miller, Michael. The Complete Idiot's Guide To Music Theory - also has exercises at the end of each section.
I like it more than Music Theory For Dummies by Michael Pilhofer and Holly Day.
Both are for aimed at self-education.