Hi and welcome to Pianostreet!
Question #1: Is this kind of focus on didactic material typical?
Teaching and learning styles greatly differ, and there are many approaches to learning music. It is therefore very important IMO, to find a teacher-student combination that fits well. Just because someone is a good teacher and has demonstrated results with other students, does not automatically mean they are the most appropriate teacher for you and your learning style.
I started with a new teacher in April and we work on 3 things: 1) a technique book by Hutcheson, 2) repertoire that is polished to performance level, 3) Czerny Op 139. He explained that there's 3 Czerny books we'll go through and this is the first.
The first few stages of learning any instrument involves a lot of foundational work: topics that get a student on their feet playing music, and which will be built upon in the future. It is a lot of work, and can seem overwhelming at times. However, it also highlights a problem in music instruction: the exercise first approach, where exercises are assigned in an overtly didactic manner, irrespective of the individual needs of a student's learning situation. Most students study music in order to play music, not to play exercises. I'm not saying your teacher is doing this, but it is something to be aware of.
I think music instruction should be primarily based in real music, and the role of exercises is to enhance the study of such music, or to target specific problem areas that need attention. Exercises should be assigned when needed, but not serve as an umbrella approach for learning facility at the instrument. One only needs to complete exercises pertinent to their situation. Whatever the case may be, real music should remain the backbone, driving force, and primary resource behind learning concepts.
To take an analog: in order to read Shakespeare one needs to learn the alphabet, vocabulary, and grammar. Once basic foundational skills are learned it is possible to start reading. But would one's first steps be making an alphabetical list of all words used in a play, then learning the meanings of each of those words; after which, only then does one start to read the work. Or would it be better to start reading, and when one reaches an unfamiliar word, then look up its meaning. The latter placing the word in context with the literary work, and providing an model of its usage.
Part of the challenge in teaching and learning music is to balance the technical requirements such as exercises, with real music. IMO, the majority of one's practice time should be devoted to real music making, such as repertoire and improvisation. The time practising things like scales, arpeggios, exercises, etc. should not take over the time devoted to practising real music.
Question #2: How do I broach the topic with the teacher that I'm getting very discouraged without sounding like I'm just whining?
I think you should be direct with your teacher and present your concerns. It is not whining at all, it is taking ownership of your educational path. It does not do well to your teacher or yourself to keep concerns inside. One should feel comfortable having an open conversation with ones teacher about lesson topics.
Ask your teacher to go in depth about practice planning and strategy when working at home. Ask your teacher to show you how to structure your time and focus in order to complete weekly assignments.